He negotiated 24 bilateral international arbitration treaties, which led to the creation of the Permanent Court of International Justice. Root modernized the consular service by minimizing patronage, promoted friendly relations with Latin America, and resolved frictions with Japan over the immigration of unskilled workers to the West Coast of the United States. He restructured the National Guard into an effective reserve, created the United States Army War College and established a general staff.Īfter a brief return to private life, Root rejoined the Roosevelt administration as Secretary of State from 1905 to 1909. Root also modernized the Army into a professional military apparatus comparable to the best in Europe. He was a strong advocate for the Panama Canal and the Open Door Policy. He helped design the Foraker Act of 1900, the Philippine Organic Act (1902), and the Platt Amendment of 1901. Root favored a paternalistic approach to colonial administration, emphasizing technology, engineering, and disinterested public service. Root was a prominent opponent of women's suffrage and worked to ensure the New York state constitution allowed only men to vote.Īs Secretary of War from 1899 to 1904, Root administered colonial possessions won in the Spanish–American War, especially the Philippines and Cuba. Root served as president or chairman of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and the Carnegie Corporation of New York. His private clients included major corporations and such powerful players as Andrew Carnegie. Root was a leading New York City lawyer who moved frequently between high-level appointed government positions in Washington, D.C., and private-sector legal practice in New York City. Root is sometimes considered the prototype of the 20th century political " wise man," advising presidents on a range of foreign and domestic issues. He also served as United States Senator from New York and received the 1912 Nobel Peace Prize. Elihu Root ( / ˈ ɛ l ɪ h juː ˈ r uː t/ February 15, 1845 – February 7, 1937) was an American lawyer, Republican politician, and statesman who served as Secretary of State and Secretary of War in the early twentieth century.
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